Steel making apparatus



c. B. FRANCIS v2,818,247

STEEL MAKING APPARATUS Dec. 31,1957

Filed Aug. 14, 1953 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 lll' , rT-gi INVENTOR Magma Dec. 3l, 1957 c. B. FRANCIS STEEL MAKING APPARATUS 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 14, 1953 INVENTOR United States Patent() STEEL MAKING APPARATUS Charles B. Francis, Pittsburgh, Pa. Application Augustm, 1953, serial No. 374,137 8 Claims. (Cl.`266-35) This invention relatesto steel-making and .,cOnSiSIsin certain new and useful.improvementsboth in method aand apparatus therefor, wherein oxygen lfand aux -areprmcipally usedfor thefconversion .of molten pig iron, r a mix-ture of1 moltenpig iron .and scrap, to steel.

Aside from the v:little-.used cementation and .Crucible -processes,.the methods of making steel,are known as ,the 4pneumatic,.'.zopen .hearth `vand eleclric furnace processes. Each .of these-.processes1-a1emodiiiedby the termsacid v,and basic, .indicativexof .the chemical nature lof `the lluxes and/for. the'V liningsofcontainers or. furnaces ,used iny the production of steel. Some of these processes are lalso commonlyknown .bythefnames ofthe .inventors thereof. Thus, .,theacidfpneumatic practice .iscommonly called the Bessemer process, the basic-pneumatic practice-the Thomas.` process, and `the .acidwopenzhearth practice-the Siemens process. .The ,chief difference bet-werenthe basic andthe `acid v[processes .is .that the 4former removes.. phosphorus `from the metal whileathe latterdoes not.

In the United States,4 theA ehieft-. s,teelrnakir1=g processes used areA the Bessemer, the basic open hearth, and the acid and/or .basic electric .furnace processes, for the following` reasons:

First, the iron ores available.arechieyo'f two grades, classied asBessemer andbasic. ."ThefBiessemer ores are .those suitablefor making'Bessemer pig, iron, which is low in phosphorus(under/009%) and contains' less than 1.00% manganese, while the basic ores are suitable Ifor Vmakingp'igfiron"that can be converted readily ,into steel `by the basiceopen-'hearth process wandmay contain- 0,l 'to 019% phosphorusand '054 `to 3.0%- manganese.

',Second, a` large amount 'of\steel vscrap `is available. "In *the"Bessemerprocessethe molten pig :ironis converted'into steel'by"blowingairthroughit ina converter. `rThe oxygenvof theair, blown through the rbottom Aof the converter, reacts =exothermally -with kthesilicon, `Ymanganese, `carbon and some-oftheiron in' the VAmolten' pigiron *charged-r into the converter, thereby t forming 4carbon -monroxide, whichfesoapes 4as ,a gas, -andf-the 'lower oxides `-of fthe'fother .-elements,ww'hich` combine-'with'. each other ,and .somesofthelining of'.' the 'converter to iform -at.slag, leav- "ing :almost purefairont which'iis v poured; into a vladle s and convertedx to fsteelzbysadding: ferro manganese, and.c other tutes. The heatiin :excess =:of:.that :required :.toikeep fthe Thecardinal'objects ofthe present'invention'are to $1000 -per zton.

'the Bessemer converter.

2,818,247 Patented Dec. 3l, 1957 provide a process and apparatus that will be as fast as the Bessemer, that will cost less to build and operate per ton of product, that will permit the consumption of more scrap, that will give a greater yield, and that will provide for the use o f the several commercial grades of pig iron.

In the `basic-open-hearth process iron ore and limestone are rst charged into a fuel fired open hearth furnace; then scrap iron and steel are charged, usually in quantities of from 30 `to 50% of the total metallic charge. The balance of the charge, consisting of pig iron, generally in the molten state, is added after the scrap has been heated 4to la point near the melting range. When the scrap has `been melted, the iron ore reacts with the silicon, manganese, carbon and phosphorus in the bath to form the lower oxides of these elements, while the limestone slowly decomposes to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide, the latter acting as a basic flux to combine with the acidic oxides of silicon and phosphorus and form a slag composed of calcium silicate and phosphate and the lower oxidesof iron and manganese. Usually, at this point a large part of the slag formed is tapped, or allowed torun off from the furnace, to carry out most of the phosphorus and make it easier to raise the temperature vof the metal. At this point the metal contains about 2.4% carbon, .01 to .05% manganese, .015 to .06% -phosphorus,.and .04 to .06% silicon, while the slag will consist of 'from '20 to 25% silica, from l22 to 40% ironoxides, from 8 to 18% manganese oxide, from l2 to 18% calcium oxide, and from 4 to 12% magnesium oxide derived from the calcined dolomite used to build up the banks of the furnace. The time required to reach this stage varies-from 3'1/2 to 4 hours, and about 4 hours more arerequired to work the carbon down and raise the temperature of the bath to the tapping point, about F. about the melting point of iron. With a sulfur-freewfuel some of :the sulfur in the charge may be eliminated,if the `manganese in the charge ison the high side. 'The 'fuel consumed varies from 3,000 to 5,000 cu. ft. of natural gas (3,000,000 to 5,000,000 B. t. u.) per 4ton .ofsteel produced, or the equivalent of other gaseous or f-liquid Ifuel, which -'is -four to tive times that actually required for the metallurgical and chemical reactions. The heating eiciency of the yfurnace, therefore, is about 22%, andthe yield of steel seldom exceeds 85% of the metallic content ofthe charge.

Regarding `the ygrowing -use of .oxygen in the production and refining -of steel; oxygen containing not more than 41% nitrogen can now be .produced in large quantities from air by the low -pressure 4process for $5.00 to :In the `United `States oxygen has been used to enrich the blast to :the blast furnace, but not to In the open hearth oxygen has been used to enrich the air Aused for combustion, and

-also oxygenfhas been used to lreduce the carbon and raise the temperatureof` `-the tbath or charge of molten metal -by lancing,that is, by introducing the oxygen through a steeltube, ;the open end of which is held at or just below thesurface of 4the molten metal. It has also `been used -in a similar manner and 'rfor the same purposes in the electric furnacesprocesses.

-In India, -tpig iron is converted to steel by charging it into a Y30-ton-fli`homas (basic) converter without tuyeres, adding 'from "l0 to 15% scrap, and treating the metal :fromZO'to `25 minuteswithoxygen introduced through a .Water-cooled lance :lowered --through the top of the converter. -In Austria,steel is being made by a similar process, but it seems that the oxygen is introduced through awater-cooledcopper tippedtuyere. InEngland, smaller side-blown convertersare used and the oxygen is-intro- -ducedthrough the tuyeres regularly used for air. Oxygen consumed Aby-vthesevmethods varies from -2400 to 2500 cu.-ft. (200 lbs. minimum) per ton of steel produced.

An objection to these apparatus and methods is the large amount of fumes produced, which approaches 400 lbs. per ton of metal, and exceeds the quantity of fumes produced by the Bessemer process.

A further object of my invention is to reduce the amount of fumes formed in the production and refinement of steel, and to recover at least 70% of the fumes which are formed.

Still a further object of my invention is to develop a process and apparatus representing an improvement over the known methods of using oxygen, while retaining all the advantages of the basic open-hearth and electric furnace processes, with few or none of the disadvantages of either process.

And yet another object of the invention is to minimize plant and operating costs of making specified steels.

The conservation of manganese also is an aim of the invention. As is well known, the United States has very little naturally occurring manganese ore suitable for making ferro-manganese. About 5,500,000 net tons of ferrornanganese (worth about $110,000,000-) is consumedl annually by the iron and steel industry of the United States. Yet, as pointed out, the average manganese in the pig iron and scrap consumed is 3 to 4 times the manganese in the steel produced. In all of the oxidation processes of producing steel heretofore practically all of the manganese in the charge is wasted. In the process and apparatus of my present invention from one-fourth to one-half of the manganese in the charge may be recovered in the steel produced, making the addition of ferro-manganese unnecessary, except in the case of the higher manganese grades of steel.

The realization of these objects may be obtained in the practice of the method and in the use of the apparatus described in the following specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a view longitudinal, vertical cross section of a converter embodying the invention. The view is taken on the plane I I of Fig. 2, which plane is at a level 2 feet above the slag line of a converter that contains a maximum charge of 75 net tons in the molten state;

Fig. 2 is a view of the converter partly in top elevation and partly in horizontal cross section on the plane ll-II of Fig. l;

Fig. 3 is a view in medial, transverse, vertical section of the converter, as seen on the plane III-III of Fig. l;

Fig. 4 is a view to larger scale, illustrating fragmentarily and in vertical section one of the oxygen-injecting tubes that may be used in the operation of my converter;

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary sectional View of a modified form of oxygen-injecting tube; and

Fig. 6 is a view of the latter tube in cross section, as seen on the plane Vl-Vl of Fig. 5.

Referring to Figs. l to 3 of the drawings, the converter of my invention may comprise the body B of a tilting open hearth furnace, having a dished hearth 2. back and front walls 3 and 4, respectively, a roof 5 and end walls 6 and 7, all constructed of suitable refractories. The end walls 6 and 7 each include a port 8 located within the compass of a water-cooled frame 9 of metal. The back wall includes a tap-hole 10, with which a tapping trough 11 is organized, while a doorway 12 is provided in the front wall, the doorway being normally closed with a door 13. The refractory body of the furnace is externally supported, reinforced and tied by means of steel plate, beams, buckstays, and iron or steel castings after the well-known manner that the conventional open-hearth tilting furnace is constructed, and it is needless to involve this specification with such details that do not go to the heart of the present invention. Sutlice it to say that the furnace body B may be constructed in substantially the same way as the usual and wellknown tilting open hearth furnaces are constructed, and mounted to be turned or tilted, by means of a known sort of mechanism (not shown), on the longitudinal axis of the: furnace body.

Whereas in conventional open hearth furnaces the ports S at the opposite ends of the furnace chamber communicate through downwardly extending passages with checker chambers and flues leading to a stack and to an inlet for combustion air, in the converter of my invention scrap-preheating chambers 14 are provided. The chambers 14 may be constructed of heavy steel plate, and each chamber includes a water-cooled frame 90 that matches the port ring or frame 9 at the adjacent end of the furnace, whereby, when the furnace is in normal (untilted) operating position, open communication is provided from within the converter body B into the chambers 14. In each chamber 14 a gate 15 is mounted at a suitable interval below removable insulated roofs or covers 16 of the chambers, to permit charges C of scrap iron and steel to be supported upon the grate. Each grate 15 is pivotally mounted at its edge 17 upon the horizontal bottom limb of the adjacent water-cooled frame 90, while the opposite or remote edge of each grate is supported upon seats 18 rigid with walls of chambers 14. ln service position the grates 15 extend horizontal, as illustrated on the right-hand end of the apparatus in Fig. l, with a full charge of strap C borne upon the grates beneath the covers 16. From beneath each grate 15 a flue-box 19 extends outwardly, and from such flue-boxes a duct 20 extends rst upwardly and then downwardly into a gas cleaner 21, later to be described in further detail.

The refractory body B of the converter may be either acid or basic, according to the grade of pig iron to be converted.

Projecting through the roof 5 of the converter are two oxygen-injecting tubes 23. The tubes 23 are supported for vertical adjustment by certain members 22 of the steel superstructure of the furnace body B. The particular mechanism for the adjustment of the tubes 23 is a matter of engineering skill wherefore such mechanism is not illustrated. The number of the oxygen-injecting tubes will vary with the size or area of the hearth 2 of the converter, and in the illustrated case, where the converter has a 75ton hearth, the two tubes 23 shown will sufce. The particular construction of the tubes is, however, of importance.

Referring to Fig. 5, each tube 23 comprises an assembly having an inner steel tube 93 of one inch in diameter. The tube 93 is closed at its lower end, save that a plurality of la inch holes 94 are provided therein, the pattern of the holes may be such as the pattern of the holes 94a in Fig. 6. The open upper end of tube 93 is connected to a flexible hose 24 leading to an oxygen supply line, not shown, the connection between the tube 93 and the hose :comprising an elbow 96 united to the said tube by means of a coupling 97. Snugly fitting the tube 93 is a heavywalled, water-cooled sleeve 25; spaced from and surrounding sleeve 25 is a steel pipe 26, and spaced from pipe 26 is an outer casing 27 also formed of steel pipe. The sleeve 25 and pipes 26 and 27 are united by means of header plates 30 and 31, and beneath header plate 31 a refractory snout 33 is secured in the assembly, as shown. The composition of the refractory material of which the snout is formed may comprise a high alumina (over brick, although a chrornite, or magnesite, or fosterite brick may be used where the converter processes 'basic iron. Where Bessemer iron is processed the snout 33 should be formed of silica or chromite brick.

As will presently appear, the lower end of the tube assembly 23 is lowered into or almost into contact with the bath of molten metal lying beneath a blanket of slag in the converter, and it will be understood that the refractory snout 33 serves to prevent the slag from making contact with cold ends of tube and pipe portions 25, 26 and 27, while the snout itself becomes hot while in contact with `the tube assembly a peripheral series of 1A inch holes open through the pipe 26, lwhereby the cooling water enters the space 29 'between pipes 26 and 27. Rising through the latter space the Water is led away through an outlet line 32. A very elective 'and uniform distributionof 'flow of the cooling water is thus obtained to guard -thetube assembly from -the ravage of service temperatures.

It may be noted that the system of orifices 94 in the lower endof the'oxygen-delivering tube-93 serve to effect a more distributed'flow of oxygen into the molten metal than may be obtained with the lower end of the tube open and unrestricted. The system of small orifices A94 effect the delivery of oxygen at higher velocity, causing the jets of oxygen to repel or blow-back slag and to pene- -trate the metal below the slag a greater distance, thereby insuring that the oxygen will not all be absorbed by the iron immediately below the slag.

A modification of the oxygen-injecting tube structure is illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6, where it will be seen that the inner tube 23a is not continued downwardly through the refractory snout 33a, and the sleeve 25 of the structure Vof Fig. 4 is omitted. The snout 33a is preferably formed of bauxite or a high alumina brick composition, since chromite and mag-hesite tips have a tendency to spall. The oxygen-jetting orifices "94a of this modified tube are formed in -the body of the refractory snout, rather than in the end of the oxygen delivering tube shown in Fig. 4.

Turning now to a detailed consideration ofthe practice of my invention, it maybe noted that when operation is -started'for the lirst time the refractory Ibody of the yconverter is heated to a red heat,'by means of afuel gas delivered by burners projected through the doorway 12 and tap-hole 10. Also, the tube assemblies 23 maybe temporarily employed as burners, and fuel gas maybe delivered therethrough into-the converter chamber until the initial heating up of Vthe converter body is accomplished.

Either before or during the heating up of the converter, scrap is charged into the chambers 14, by meansfof an electro-magnet carried by an overhead charging crane. Alternatively, the scrap may be charged by means of drop-bottom vbuckets of the sort commonly used in charging electric arc furnaces. When both chambers -14 have been fully charged with scrap'C, as indicated in the case of the right-hand chamber 14 inFig. 1, the covers 16 of the chambers are positioned -or closedupon the tops of the chambers, which, of course, were uncovered during the scrap-charging operation.

It may -be mentioned that the scrap charged maybe pieces varying from one to eight feet inrlength,charged so that the pieces extend lengthwise across the gratos 15. Mill scrap consisting of the cropped ends of blooms, bil-l lets, bars, shapes, plates and hot rolled stripis ideal for the purpose. For a converter designed toprocess a'60- ton heat, the scrap chambers 14 are designed to hold at least twelve tons each of scrap, or 40% of the total metallic charge of the heat,\this being '5% more than the vaverage scrap ratio employed in basic open hearth fur- .ucts of combustion or waste gases lare drawn through therports .8 at the opposite ends of the converter, Jthrough the interstices in the scrapfcharges 'Can'd grates L15-and -into thediueezboxes 19,;therebelow, whence theewasteLgases tiowfupward'through ducts 20 into units '21 and thence `throughflues 100to .stack or other outlet. During this time jets of cooling water are delivered by sprays 52 into thewaste gasesilowing into'the cleaning units 21.

When the converter body has fbeen heated to desired temperature, the burners are removed from doorway 12 and tap-ho1e=10, and the tube assemblies are disconnected from the fuel `gas supply and connected to the oxygen supply linef95., Fig. 1.

The same crane as was used in charging the scrap C now serves to bring a ladle containing 36 tons of molten pig iron to the converter, whereupon the molten metal is poured through a spout of conventional design inserted through the doorway 12 of the converter, with the oxygen injecting tubes raised as high as possible. Upon the charging of the molten vmetal into the converter and the removal of the pouring spout, theinjecting tubes 23 are lowered to within an inch of the surface of the metal, the `door 13 is closed, the koxygen is turned on, vand the tubes are lowered until their tips are immersed in the molten iron. After a period of from live to six minutes about 1500 lbs. of burned lime (quick lime) is charged in three lots through the doorway -to combine with al1 the oxides of the silicon and phosphorus in the pig iron. At this time the slag layer is about one inch thick and the vinjecting tubes are lowered to bring the tip below the slag. Ten minutes after allthe lime has been added, the slag layeris'about two inches thick, and the injecting tube is lowered accordingly, then kept stationary to the finish of the heat.

The reactions that occur during the working of a heat and the quantity of each product formed are found as follows:

Hotmetalcharged=3600 ,net tons=72,000 lbs.

Eleinent Silicon Manga- Sulfur Phos- Carbon nese phorus Composition:

Percent 1.00 1. 50 0.05 0. 100 4. 25 s. 720. 00 1, 080. 0 36. 0 72.0 3. 060.0

Total heat 1iberated=20,163 .564 B. t. u.

The oxygen injected reacts With each of the elements, with the `following net results:

lThe above reactions show not only the heat produced but also the minimum weight of oxygen required to oxidize -the elements, which amounts to 5716 lbs., or approximately 64,146 cu. ft. Actually, a minimum of 90,000 cu. ft. (8100 lbs.) is used per heat. Assuming that 2% or 1440 lbs. of iron is oxidized, reaction 5 gives a total of 30,240 B. t. u., which added to the total heat liberated by other elements oxidized, gives a grand total of 20,193,804 B. t. u. Of this total about 15% (3,029,070 B. t. u.) is lost vby radiation from the vessel and at least 81,000 B. t. u. is absorbed by the lime added. About 900,000 vB. t. u. is absorbed by the vessel itself and 8,064,000 B. t. u. is required to raise the temperature ol-the metal from 2200 yF. to 29001F. for a total of 12,074,00013. t. u., leaving a balance of 8,119,804 B. t. u. toibe l,carriedout through the scrap boxes by the CO gas generated. This is about twice as much heat as the gas cancarry if itescapesat 3300 TF., and evidencethat it 'does `escape at a .veryIhig-h temperature is .the iron .and

manganese fume it carries, manganese boiling at 3450'F. By feeding the oxygen at a comparatively slow rate, the quantity of this fume is reduced to about 200 lbs. per ton, or a total of 7200 lbs. per heat. Assuming that this fume escapes from the vessel at 3300 F., and that it has a heat content of 600 B. t. u. per lb., the total heat carried out by the fume during a heat is 4,320,000 B. t. u. which added to the heat content of the gas, 3,786,750 B. t. u. gives a total of 8,106,750 B. t. u., balancing the 8,119,804 B. t. u. given above fairly closely. Assuming that the gas and fume is cooled to 1,000 F, in passing through the scrap pile, the heat lost by the gas is 2,628,100 B. t. u. and that lost by the fume is 2,880,000 B. t. u., making a total of 5,508,100 B. t. u., sucient to raise the temperature ofthe scrap to However, the scrap is actually heated to a much higher temperature, usually to between l200 F. and 1300 F., because the stack fans 50, draw much air into the scrap box through the 1.5 to 2 inch air gap 56, between the box and the conversion Vessel, and the combustion of the CO liberates a little more than three times as much heat as was formed by the reaction of oxygen with carbon to forni CO, or about 33,660,000 B. t. u. However, more than three-fourths of this heat is absorbed by the nitrogen and excess air drawn through the gap, leaving about 5,000,000 B. t. u. to be absorbed by the scrap. If the box is operated dry or should go dry and reach a dull red heat any time during the working of a heat, it is cooled rapidly by turning oit the oxygen. The tempera ture of the scrap boxes may be controlled also by increasing or decreasing the speed of the stack fans.

The first heat is tapped about twenty-five minutes after starting the injection of oxygen. The tapping of the heat is accomplished by tilting the vessel forward and causing the metal to flow out of the spout 11 into a suitable steel ladle.

lt will be noted in Fig. 3 that the tap-hole 10 is so arranged in the tapping block 57 as to permit only metal to liow to the spout 11 and ladle (not shown) when the converter is progressively tilted, until the tilting has reached its maximum angle of tilt and all of the metal has run out of the converter, whereafter the slag follows. During the tapping operation finishing additions, except manganese, are added as usual when the ladle is about one-third full and before the slag ilows to form a blanket over the molten metal,

While reaction 2 in the foregoing context shows manganese as being oxidized, this applies only to the first period of the working of the heat, during which the weak basic iron and manganese oxides formed combine with the oxides of silicon and phosphorus to form a slag. With the addition of sufficient lime the iron and manganese oxides are replaced by the strongly basic calcium oxide, liberating the oxides oi iron and manganese which are reduced by the carbon remaining in the hath. The iron is constantly being oxidized to Fe() by the oxygen. The Fe() being soluble in the metal reacts with carbon and any silicon remaining, and tends to react with manganese thus:

(6) FeO -I- M11 (I) Fe -l- MnO -l- 25200 Cal. 65700 cal -l- 90900 of operations that are substantially routine for all succeeding heats, which may be briefly described as follows:

First, the covers are removed from the scrap chambers, and the scrap they contain, having been preheated by the hot waste gases developed by the processing of the preceding heat to say l200 F., is dumped into the ends of the hearth 2, as indicated at the left-hand end of the converter body in Fig. l. The transfer of the scrap charges C from the chambers 14 into the converter body is effected by means of the overhead charging crane which tilts the grates 15 and causes the scrap charges to slide into the ends of the converter. Time required-2 minutes.

(2) The crane then brings a ladle of hot metal (38 tons) and pours the metal into the converter as hot metal is poured into an open hearth. Time requiredminutes.

(3) The crane next charges cold scrap in two lots of 11 tons each, into the chambers 14, which scrap is to be heated for the next heat of steel to be produced in the converter. The injecting tubes are adjusted at this stage of the operation. Time required- 4 minutes.

(4) The scrap box covers are replaced and the oxygen is turned into the tubes 23. Time required-d minute.

(5) About 6 minutes later, 500 lbs. of lime is charged into the converter, and 1,000 lbs. are gradually added during the next 5 minutes.

(6) During the next 10 minutes, oxygen is injected at a moderate but constant rate, and analysis tests of the metal are made in this period.

(7) The vessel is tilted and the refined steel is tapped into the steel ladle, to give a heat of approximately 60 tons of steel. Time required for tapping-4 minutes. Total elapsed time-37 minutes. Minimum time `for oxidation-21 minutes, probably increased Ito 24 min utes, making the time from `tap to tap about 40 minutes.

It will be noted that, Whereas 36 tons of hot metal was used in the tirst heat `with 12 tons of scrap in each of the `two scrap boxes, 38 tons of hot metal is charged for the second vheat with tons of scrap in each of the scrap boxes to be preheated for the third heat. The reason for this change is explained `by the fact that the 24 tons of scrap preheated to 1200 F. will require approximately 19,200,000 B. t, u. (1400 B. t. u. by 48,000 lbs.) to melt it and raise its temperature to 2900 F. This amount of heat is nearly equal to the total heat generated in the oxidation of the rst heat of 36 tons, and about twice that available for heating the 24 tons of scrap. However, very little, if any, heat is absorbed by the vessel during the second heat, and, by increasing the hot metal to 38 tons, the heat generated is increased to a little more than 21,316,000 B. t. u., and, by decreasing the total scrap charged from 22 to 20 tons, the heat required to raise its temperature to 1200 F. is decreased 5%. Thus, the heat generated in the oxidation of the 38 tons of pig iron, plus that from combustion of the CO formed is suicient to heat the -tons of scrap to a temperature of 1,000o F. or more. Air for combustion of the CO -is admitted to the gas streaming from the converter chamber by way of the clearances provided between the water-cooled frames 9 Iand 90.

For the third and each succeeding heat the hot metal charged is increased to tons, but no change is made in the weight of scrap charged. The oxidation period is maintained between 23 and 24 minutes to produce tons, or more, of nished steel every 40 minutes. This gives la production rate of tons per hour, or an output of 2160 tons for a 24-hour day. By premelting scrap in a fuel tired furnace and adding 15 tons of the molten scrap to the `bath just before tapping the heat, the output may be increased to 75 tons per heat, which equals 112.5 tons per hour, or 2700 tons per day. Greater production from an installation can be obtained by increasing the size or capacity of the converter.

It will lbe observed that the schedule provides no time case. n.jets of oxygen Iat the ends-of theinjecting tubes spreads `the oxygen and'preventsfsplashing the walls and the roof 4'of the converter with-slag. The'addition of the lime fgradually after =the scrapfislmeltedserves at first also `to cool the bath, but later, l.when the'lime'has been confor "building up the ibanks olfsthe 'hearth "and sidewalls ofthe converter, 'as"isnecessaryin`the open hearth processes. This is an operationfrlot norm-ally required in the converter are 'subjected `to'lessheat and erosion than in those yof the conventional'open hearth furnace, be-

cause the heat is generatedwithin -the bath, not above it. The oxygeninjecting'tubes- 23 are located on the longitudinal centerlineE ofthe converter, midway between the tap hole vand the v ends "6 "and 7. Thescrap is delivered into theconverter-vvhichlies at each end near the oxygen injecting tubes. As thus located adjacent `to the oxygen injecting tubes, thetscrap rapidly absorbs heat until it is all melted,fand thus reduces the quantity of fumes produced,y sincefthe molten metal is maintained at a lower temperature `than otherwise vwould be the Also, with injectingltubes'thus1located, the small verted to slag, it 4acts vas 'afblanketagainst radiation heat losses and helps to raisefthe :temperature of the bath rapidly.to a point'above.2950 F., at which time part of the `manganese is `reduced andfthe rheat is re'adyto tap.

The gas and fumes'are treated `as follows: The'bottoms ofthe'ue-boxes 19 `are kept covered'with 2 to 3 inches of water introduced through-the'pipes 457, at fa rate of about seven (7) ygallons,fperrminute through each pipe. All this water. is vaporizedwand'thegenerated gas, excit- `ing through ports `8 andowing downwardly thro-ugh .the gas keeps the-surface of the waterconstantly agitated, further wetting theffumes, which form a thin sludge that settles through the still-Waterbelowlthe surface of the pool in the hopper-'likebottom of the-unit, whence -it is drawn oit through-an :outlet 55, at intervals, in the form of sludge that dries to.-a hard cake 'of iron and manganese oxides, whichfeakes-may.be-treatedfor the recovlery of both of theseelements. Any-fumes not removed settle rapidly with the entrained water forced out through the stack -flues100 by the faus50.

In lthe practice of this-invention steel can be produced .at a lower `cost than anyof .three processes in common use, and the steel produced by` the' invention is'of as good quality as that produced by thebasic open hearth process, `since production :conditions and the metallurgical reactions are .more easily controlled than in the latter process. For example, vther-apparatus-.andv process of the l.present invention .permits-theacarbon to be caught on the way down with. greater accuracy, in View of the fact that at anytime after .thelime has fbeen added and .changed into slag,.carbon elimination may be completely stopped by liftingthe.injecting-tubesZ3-and turning oi the oxygen while: the .bath issampled-and the sample analyzed Iand/ortested. -As for cost, it is apparent that the labor required touproduceZltonsof steel per day is less than one-thirdzofathat required to produce the ,same .tonnage .by .the :basic `open hearth process, the

comparison being made .against .Z-ton Aopen hearths v making three -heatsfper day. [To continue the comparison, the minimum 'fuel .cost bythe basic-.open hearth process,'with natural gas at 52 per i000 cu. ft. is $2.08

per ton, equivalent toll-,000,000 B. t.u., zJr-400 cufft.

of natural gas per t0n. In the Auseoflthe apparatus v"of the present invention thefconsumption of-oxygen, allowing for 331;% waste -over that' normally required, amounts to 2000 cu. it. or 3/{12 ton of oxygen yper ton of steel produced. Depending upon the sizeof the oxygen plant, this oxygen costs $8.00 to $10.00 per tommaldng the cost per ton of steel $0.67 to $0.83. Many other advantages of the invention over the methods `of the-prior art will be `apparent to those skilled in the art.

Having thus described th-e invention and cited an example of i-ts application in suicie'nt detail to permitthose skilled in the art to build the apparatus and pr-act-icefthe process, it is to be noted that rnany modifications and variations may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention defined inthe following claims:

l claim:

l. Apparatus for theproduction oflsteel, a tilting converter chamber containing a mixed charge of molten pig iron and steel scrap, means for directing oxygen into said molten charge for refining the mixture of metals to molten steel, with the generation of heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, said converter chamber kbeing tiltable from metal-refining vposition into position for discharging the refined steel therefrom, an outlet opening from said converter chamberfor the escape of said hot fumes -and gases, a scrap chamber having an inlet normally registering with the outlet of said converter chamber and having an outlet for fumes and gases, means for supporting a charge of scrap pervious to ow of the hot fumes and gases between the inlet and outlet of said scrap chamber, said outlet'of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out of registry with said inlet of the scrap chamber'when the converter chamber is tilted between metal-rening and discharging positions, whereby communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chamber, interrupted where `the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is reestablished and the flow of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap, and to the scrap-chamber outlet is restored when the converter chamber is moved `from discharging to metal-refining position.

2. Apparatus for the production of steel, a tilting converter chamber containing a mixed charge of molten pig iron and steel scrap, means for directing oxygen into said molten charge for refining the mixture of metals to molten steel, with the generation of heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, said converter chamber being tiltable from metal-refining position into position for discharging the refined steel therefrom, an outlet opening from said converter chamber for the escape of said hot fumes and gases, a scrap chamber having an inlet normally registering with the outlet of said converter chamber and having an outlet for fumes and gases, means for supporting a charge of scrap pervious to' ow of the hot fumes and gases between the inlet and outlet of said scrap chamber, said outlet of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out of registry with said inlet of the scrap chamber when the converter chamber is tilted between metal-refining and discharging positions, whereby .communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chamber, interrupted when the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is rte-established and the ow of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap, and to the scrap-chamber voutletfis restored when the converter chamber is returnedfrom discharging to metal-refining position, and means for transferring heated scrap from the scrap chamber tothe converter chamber.

3. Apparatus forl theproduction of steel, a tilting converter chamber containing aY mixednchargesoff molten f pig iron and steel -scrap,- means: fordirectingoxygen'.intov .said molten charge for refining the mixture of metals to molten klil steel, with the generation of heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, said converter chamber being tiltable from metal-rening position into position for discharging the refined steel therefrom, an outlet opening from said converter chamber for the escape of said hot fumes and gases, a scrap chamber having an inlet normally registering with the outlet of said converter chamber and having an outlet for fumes and gases, means for supporting a charge of scrap pervious to flot' of the hot fumes and gases between the inlet and outlet of said scrap chamber, said outlet of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out of registry with said inlet of the scrap chamber when the converter chamber is tilted between metal-refining and discharging positions, whereby communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chamber, interrupted when the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is reestablished and the low of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap, and to the scrapchamber outlet is restored when the converter chamber is returned from discharging to metal-rening position, and means for transferring heated scrap from the scrap chamber to the converter chamber, together with means for cooling and cleansing the gases owing from the outlet of said scrap chamber.

4. Apparatus for the production of steel, a tilting converter chamber containing a mixed charge of molten pig iron and steel scrap, means for directing oxygen into said molten charge for reiining the mixture of metals to molten steel, with the generation ot heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, said converter chamber being tiltable from metal-reiining position into position for discharging the reiined steel therefrom, an outlet opening from said converter chamber for the escape of said hot fumes and gases, a scrap chamber having an inlet normally registering with the outlet oi said converter chamber and having an outlet for fumes and gases, a tilting grate for supporting a charge of scrap in the line of ilow of the hot fumes and gases between the inlet and outlet of said scrap chamber, said outlet of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out or registry with said inlet ot the scrap chamber when the converter chamber is tiited between metal-refining and discharging positions, whereby communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chamber, interrupted when the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is reestablished and the flow of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap, and to the scrap-chamber outlet is restored when the converter chamber is returned from discharging to metal-rening position, and means for tilting said scrap-supporting grate and effecting the transfer of heated scrap therefrom and into the converter chamber.

5. Apparatus for the production of steel, a tilting converter chamber containing a mixed charge of molten pig iron and steel scrap, means for directing oxygen into said molten charge for refining the mixture of metals to molten steel, with the generation of heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, two outlets opening through oppof site walls of said converter chamber, two scrap chambers having inlets normally registering severally with said outlets of the converter chamber and each having an outlet for fumes and gases, and means in each scrap chamber for supporting a charge of scrap pervious to the i'low of the hot fumes and gases between the inlet and outlet of such chamber, said outlets of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out of registry with said inlets of the scrap chambers when the converter chamber is tilted between metal-refining and discharging position, whereby communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chambers, interrupted when the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is re-established and the flow of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap charges, and to the scrap- 12 chamber outlets is restored when the converter chamber is returned from discharging to metal-rening position.

6. Apparatus for the production of steel, a tilting converter chamber containing a mixed charge of molten pig iron and steel scrap, means for directing oxygen into said molten charge for refining the mixture of metals to molten steel, with the generation of heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, two outlets opening through opposite walls of said converter chamber, two scrap chambers having inlets normally registering severally with said outlets of the converter chamber and each scrap chamber having an outlet for fumes and gases, and means in each scrap chamber for supporting a charge of scrap pervious to the ilow of the hot fumes and gases between the inlet outlet of such chamber, said outlets of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out of registry with said inlets of the scrap chambers when the converter chamber is tilted between metal-refining and discharging positions, whereby communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chambers, interrupted when the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is reestablished and the flow of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap charges, and to the scrap-chamber outlets is restored when the converter chamber is returned from discharging to metal-rening position, together with means for transferring heated scrap from the scrap chambers to the converter chamber.

7. Apparatus for the production of steel, a tilting converter chamber containing a mixed charge of molten pig iron and steel scrap, means for directing oxygen into said molten charge for refining the mixture of metals to molten steel, with the generation of heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, two outlets opening through opposite walls of said converter chamber, two scrap chambers having inlets normally registering severally with said outlets of the converter chamber and each scrap chamber having an outlet for fumes and gases, and means in each scrap chamber for supporting a charge of scrap pervious to the ow of the hot fumes and gases between the inlet and outlet of such chamber, said outlets of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out of registry with said inlets of the scrap chambers when the converter chamber is tilted between metal-relining and discharging positions, whereby communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chambers, interrupted when the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is re-established and the flow of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap charges, and to the scrap-chamber outlets is restored when the converter chamber is returned from discharging to metalrening position, together with means for cooling and cleansing the gases owing from the outlets of said scrap chambers.

8. Apparatus for the production of steel, a tilting converter chamber containing a mixed charge of molten pig iron and steel scrap, means for directing oxygen into said molten charge for rening the mixture of metals to molten steel, with the generation of heat and the liberation of hot fumes and gases, two outlets opening through opposite walls of said converter chamber, two scrap chambers having inlets normally registering severally with said outlets of the converter chamber and each scrap chamber having an outlet for fumes and gases, a tilting grate in each scrap chamber for supporting scrap in the lines of ow of the hot fumes and gases between the inlets and outlets of said scrap chamber, said outlets of the converter chamber being arranged to move into and out of registry with said inlets of the scrap chambers when the converter chamber is tilted between metal-refining and discharging positions, whereby communication between the converter chamber and the scrap chambers, interrupted when the converter chamber moves into discharging position, is reestablished and the ow of hot fumes and gases from the converter chamber, through the scrap charges, and to References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 49,052 Bessemer July 25, 1865 145,843 Carpenter, Jr Dec. 23, 1873 166,757 Eustis Aug. 17, 1875 227,339 Williams May 4, 1880 14 Last et al. July 6, 1897 Potter Mar. 8, 1904 Chiswik July 18, 1950 Wyandt et al Mar. 27, 1951 Francis Sept. 2, 1952 Drake Nov. 18, 1952 Doyle Dec. 16, 1952 FOREIGN PATENTS Sweden July 31, 1889 Sweden Sept. 17, 1904 

